7/31/2010

Natori Shunsen

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Natori Shunsen


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Natori Shunsen 名取春仙 (なとりしゅんせん)
1886 - 1960



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Inspired by a feature in the Daruma Magazine, Issue 67
Daruma Magazine

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Natori Shunsen
is considered by many to be the last master in the art of kabuki yakusha-e–literally, “actor pictures”. He was born in Yamanashi Prefecture, but his family settled in Tokyo shortly after his birth, and he remained there until his death in 1960.


CLICK for more English photos

Shunsen developed an interest in kabuki actor portraits while working as an illustrator for the newspaper Asahi Shimbun. During this time, he had the opportunity to meet the publisher Shozaburo Watanabe, who was the primary force behind the shin hanga movement.

In 1925, Shunsen and Watanabe worked together on a series of 36 actor portraits. This series contains some of Shunsen's finest kabuki designs. Watanabe lavishly produced each print in a limited edition of 150 and sold them only by subscription. The series lasted through 1929, followed by a supplemental series of 15 actor prints produced through 1931.

Shunsen's actor portraits were mainly in the ōkubi-e (large head) format which allowed him to focus on the expression and emotions of the character's face.

Shunsen continued to work as an artist in the kabuki theater, but did not design any other actor prints until the early 1950s. From 1951 to 1954, he again collaborated with Watanabe on another series of 30 actor prints. Like the earlier series, these designs were beautifully printed and are very expressive, especially the ōkubi-e portrait.

© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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hanga gallery
Natori Shunsen

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Natori Shunsen, one of the finest designers of actor prints, was born Natori Yoshinosuke, the fifth son of a silk merchant. The family moved to Tokyo after Shunsen's father lost his business. In Tokyo, Shunsen had the opportunity to begin his artistic training. At the age of eleven, he began studying with Kubota Beisen (1852-1906), a Japanese-style (Nihonga) painter. During this time he received his artist's name "Shunsen". He later studied at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts.

In 1909 Shunsen began working at the Tokyo Newspaper, Asahi Shinbun, illustrating the newspaper's literary sections and serialized novels.

While working at the newspaper, Shunsen began to exhibit his paintings of kabuki and literary characters. During an exhibit in 1916, the woodblock publisher Watanabe Shozaburo happened to see one of Shunsen's actor portraits, Nakamura Ganjiro as Kamiya Jihei. Watanabe was immediately impressed by the work and wanted to employ Shunsen as a print designer for his "new prints" (shin hanga). Shunsen agreed to a collaboration and Watanabe produced two actor prints from his designs in 1916 and 1917.

Read the full text here
source : www.hanga.com



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Natori Shunsen
was the last ukiyo-e artist making actor portraits in traditional manner and one of the major artists of the Shin Hanga movement. His life took a most tragic end. In 1960 the artist and his wife committed suicide at the grave of their deceased daughter.

Natori Shunsen was born in Tokyo under the given name of Yoshinosuke. He studied traditional Japanese painting - Nihonga - as a student of Kubota Beisen and at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts. After finishing his art training, he could get an employment at a Tokyo newspaper as an illustrator.

A Terrible Tragedy
In 1958 Shunsen's daughter died of pneumonia at the age of only twenty-two. Natori and his wife could not get over the death of their beloved daughter. Two years later they committed suicide by poisoning themselves at their daughter's grave.
source : www.artelino.com


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He made illustrations for the haiku magazine

Sooun (Soun) 『層雲(そううん)』"stratus clouds"

This magazine has been founded by the modern haiku poet
Ogiwara Seisensui (1884 - 1976)
荻原 井泉水(おぎわら せいせんすい).

Shunsen worked as an editor for the haiku magazine from 1911 till 1915.

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層雲と自由律俳句 Soun to Jiyuritsu Haiku


「層雲」
俳句結社の月刊俳誌。
http://www5f.biglobe.ne.jp/~shigure78/haikunopage.htm



Ogiwara Seisensui (荻原井泉水)
16 June 1884— 11 May 1976
was the pen-name of Ogiwara Tōkichi, a Japanese haiku poet active during the Taishō and Showa periods of Japan.
Seisensui co-founded the avant-garde literary magazine Sōun ("Layered Clouds") in 1911, together with fellow haiku poet Kawahigashi Hekigoto.

Ogiwawa was a strong proponent of abandoning haiku traditions, especially the "season words" so favored by Takahama Kyoshi, and even the 5-7-5 syllable norms. In his Haiku teisho (1917), he broke with Hekigoto and shocked the haiku world by advocating further that haiku be transformed into free verse.
His students included Ozaki Hōsai and Taneda Santōka.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !



. fuite misete ko ni fukeru no wa hato no fue .

I blow to show it
and let my child blow it -
this pidgeon whistle



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. Kawahigashi Hekigoto (Hekigodo) 河東碧梧桐
(1873-1937)


Shinkoo haiku 新興俳句 "Young and New Haiku"
. Modern Haiku - Gendai Haiku 現代俳句 in Japan  


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7/28/2010

Nara the ancient capital

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Nara 奈良

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Nara (奈良市, Nara-shi) is the capital city of Nara Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan. The city occupies the northern part of Nara Prefecture, directly bordering Kyoto Prefecture.
Eight temples, shrines and ruins in Nara, specifically Tōdai-ji, Saidai-ji, Kōfuku-ji, Kasuga Shrine, Gangō-ji, Yakushi-ji, Tōshōdai-ji and the Heijō Palace remains, together with Kasugayama Primeval Forest, collectively form "Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara", a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Deer in Nara
According to the legendary history of Kasuga Shrine, a mythological god Takemikazuchi arrived in Nara on a white deer to guard the newly built capital of Heijō-kyō. Since then the deer have been regarded as heavenly animals, protecting the city and the country.

Tame deer roam through the town, especially in Nara Park. Snack vendors sell "shika sembei" (deer biscuits) to visitors so they can enjoy feeding the deer. Some of the deer have learned to bow in response to tourists' bows. They nudge, jostle, and even bite for food.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Aoni Yoshi 青丹よし Aoniyoshi
"the green and cinnabar is good"

lit. the aoni refers to a dark-green earth.

This is an old makurakotoba for the old capital of Nara. The red pillars and green window bars of the shrine are auspicious colors to keep evil out of the city.

Many temples and shrines were built with these colors, so a walk in Nara was yoshi, was pleasing and this expression became synonymous with NARA (Heijokyo 平城京 (Heijookyoo).


This expression derived from a famous waka poem.

あおによし 奈良の都は咲く花の におうがごとく 今さかりなり
aoniyoshi Nara no miyako wa saku hana no niou ga gotoku ima sakarinari

Ono no Oyu 小野老 をののおゆ (?-737)


green and cinnabar are splendid -
like blossoms in full bloom and fragrance
the capital of Nara is now at its best




. Niutsuhime 丹生都比女
This deity is related to cinnabar (shu) and mercury.


あおに - 青丹 - 《「に」は土の意》
1 青黒い土。
2 緑色の顔料の土。岩緑青(いわろくしょう)のこと。(malachite green)
3 染め色の名。濃い青に黄の加わった色。
4 襲(かさね)の色目の名。表裏ともに濃い青に黄を加えた色。


Some sources refere to the HANA as cherry blossoms, some think they are plum blossoms.
- Reference : aoni yoshi 青丹(あおに)よし

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"The royal city,
Nara of the blue-green earth,
Like blossoming trees
That shimmer into fragrant bloom,
Is at the height of splendor now.

Tr. Edwin Cranston



The Imperial City of fairest Nara
Glows now at the height of beauty,
Like brilliant flowers in bloom!

Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai


Discussion of the various translations:
source : PMJS Listserve forum

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We have some separate entries about the temples, shrines and food of Nara.


. Deities of the Four Seasons
There are deities according to the Chinese theories of Yin and Yang and the five elements. Some have taken a Japanese version, residing in the mountains around the old capital of Heijokyo, now Nara.



. Ganjin 鑑真 がんじん and temple Toshodai-ji 唐招提寺


. Hasedera Temple 長谷寺


. Mount Kaguyama 香具山 Ama no Kaguyama 天香久山 .
Three mountains of the Yamato plain 大和三山 Yamato Sanzan


. Kasuga Shrine Festivals 春日大社  



. Migawari-zaru 身代わり申 of Naramachi
Monkey to ward off evil




. Nara mosquito net (KIGO)  

. Nara uchiwa : round fan from Nara (KIGO)  


. O-Mizutori, Omizutori, お水取り
Drawing Sacred Well Water


. Shotoku Taishi and Daruma
聖徳太子とだるま



. Yakushi-Ji Temple 薬師寺



by Kawase Hasui


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. WASHOKU . . . Local Dishes from Nara
Nara no Kyodo Ryori 奈良の郷土料理
 
Nara ... dried persimmons from Yamato   大和のつるし柿



. WASHOKU 奈良茶 Naracha
Nara and its Rice Gruel Tea Song ..
 
with a hokku by Matsuo Basho


. WASHOKU
Narazuke 奈良漬 Gourd pickles



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Sentokun せんとくん the mascot of Nara
To mark the anniversary of 1.300 years of the ancient capital of Heijo-kyo in 2010
平城遷都1300年祭

Reference about this controversial mascot


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いにしへの奈良の都の八重桜
今日九重に匂ひぬるかな


Inishie no Nara no miyako no Yae-zakura
Kyo kokonoe ni Nioi nuru kana

Eight-fold cherry flowers
That at Nara--ancient seat
Of our state--have bloomed,
In our nine-fold palace court
Shed their sweet perfume today.


61 - Lady Ise no Osuke 伊勢大輔




風そよぐ ならの小川の夕ぐれは
みそぎぞ夏の しるしなりける


Kaze soyogu Nara no ogawa no Yugure wa
Misogi zo natsu no Shirushi nari keru

To Nara's brook comes
Evening, and the rustling winds
Stir the oak-trees' leaves.
Not a sign of summer left
But the sacred bathing there.


98 - Junii Fujiwara no Ietaka 従二位家隆

. Ogura Hyakunin Isshu Poems 小倉百人一首 .


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. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .



source : itoyo/basho



菊の香や奈良には古き仏たち
kiku no ka ya Nara ni wa furuki hotoketachi

fragrance of chrysanthemums -
in Nara there are so many
old Buddha statues


This was written on the ninth day of the nineth lunar month, the festival of the chrysanthemums.
It shows a peaceful scene of the gentle faces of the Buddhas and the lovely fragrance of the chrysanthemums.



菊の香や奈良は幾代の男ぶり
kiku no ka ya Nara wa ikuyo no otokoburi

fragrance of chrysanthemums -
the manly attitude of so many
men in Nara



. Chrysanthemum Festival (chooyoo 重陽) double nine .

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奈良七重七堂伽藍八重ざくら
Nara nanae shichi doo garan yae-zakura

the seven buildings
of the temples in Nara -
double cherry blossoms


. Temples, Haiku and Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 .


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source : itoyo/basho

Departing from old friends at Nara

鹿の角まづ一節の別れかな
shika no tsuno mazu hito fushi no wakare kana

deer horns
developing their first branch:
our separation

Tr. Barnhill

This hokku has the cut marker KANA at the end of line 3.

Basho had met with some disciples from Iga Uneo: Ensui 猿雖, Kasaya Ichibei 卓袋, Baiken 梅軒, 梨雪 and 示蜂.

. Oi no Kobumi 笈の小文 .

MORE - about wakare, parting with friends -
. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .


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Masaoka Shiki wrote quite a few haiku about Nara,
mostly about the many temples of the town


行く秋や奈良は古寺古佛
yuku aki ya Nara wa furudera furubotoke

autumn is passing -
in Nara there are old temples
and old Buddha statues




永き日の奈良は大寺許りなり
nagaki hi no Nara wa ootera bakari nari

on this long day
there are only these large temples
of Nara . . .




澁柿や古寺多き奈良の町
shibugaki ya koji ooki Nara no machi

adstringend persimmons -
there are so many temples
in the town of Nara





寺々に秋行く奈良の月夜かな
teradera ni aki yuku Nara no tsukiyo kana

in the many temples of Nara
autumn is coming to an end -
this full moon night


Masaoka Shiki 正岡子規 visiting temples


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大仏の膝下や常の木下闇

below the knees of Daibutsu,
the usual darkness
under the summer woods


- Shared by Naotaka Uematsu -
Haiku Culture Magazine, 2013


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夕されば 南大門の 蔭凉

summer evening -
the shade of Nandai-mon
is so cool


- Shared by Naotaka Uematsu -
Haiku Culture Magazine, 2013


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. - - - Welcome to Edo 江戸 ! .
..... Edo and Kyoto, Capitals of Japan
"Blossom Capital" flourishing town (hana no miyako 花の都)



Honka-dori
is an action to write a new poem
but alluding to a honka, original poem.
'honka-dori, honkadori ほんかどり【本歌取り】


. Folk Toys from Nara .


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7/13/2010

Gosho Palace Kyoto

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Gosho Imperial Palace in Kyoto

CLICK for more Japanese images CLICK for more English information


The Kyoto Imperial Palace (京都御所, Kyōto Gosho)
is an imperial palace of Japan, though the Emperor of Japan is not in residence. The Emperor has resided at the Tokyo Imperial Palace since 1869 (Meiji Restoration) and ordered the preservation of the Kyōto Imperial Palace in 1877.

The Kyōto Imperial Palace is the latest of the imperial palaces built at or near its site in the north-eastern part of the old capital on Heiankyō after the abandonment of the larger original Heian Palace (大内裏, daidairi) that was located to the west of the current palace during the Heian Period. The Palace lost much of its function at the time of the Meiji Restoration, when the capital functions were moved to Tōkyō in 1869. However, the Taishō and Showa Emperors still had their coronation ceremonies at Kyōto Gosho.

The main building on the Palace Grounds includes, among other halls,

. Shishinden 紫宸殿 Hall for State Ceremonies .

Seiryōden (清涼殿, lit. 'cool, refreshing hall'),
Kogosho (小御所, Court Room),
Ogakumonsho (御学問所, Imperial Study or Library),
and a number of residences for the Empress, high-ranking aristocrats and government officials.

MORE
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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The gardens associated with the Imperial Palace in Kyoto may date no earlier than the rebuilding of the palace in the middle of the 19th Century. They are of some interest to the historian of Japanese gardens, however, in that they contain elements that appear to be conscious revivals of Japan's earliest Imperial gardens. In that sense, they may respond to the same nostalgic impulse that inspired the gardens of Katsura Villa.

The gardens of Kyoto’s Imperial Park include three featured in this website (for the other two, see Sento Gosho and Shusui-tei).
The current site of the Imperial Palace was once the estate of one Tsuchimikado Higashi, the original palace having been located slightly to the southwest. The Kyoto Gosho did not become the permanent residence of the Emperor until the Shoguns Nobunaga and Hideyoshi rebuilt it in the late 16th Century, and the present buildings date only from 1855.

It is difficult to guess how many of the garden elements found to the east of the palace complex predate the late Edo Period, but it is clear that whoever designed the more private stream garden must have had in mind the “poetry contest gardens” of the earliest Emperors. Even the pond garden with its islands and Chinese-style arched bridge may have been a conscious attempt at recreating the great water gardens of the Heian nobility.

source : learn.bowdoin.edu/japanesegardens

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. Daishogun Hachi Jinja 大将軍八神社 .

The shrine is located in the North-West, at the Tenmon gate 天門 of the Imperial Palace Gosho.

Amulets from this shrine.


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星一つ流れ止まり御所の空
hoshi hitotsu nagare-todomari Gosho no sora

just one star
shoots by but stops -
the sky of Gosho palace


Mimura Junya 三村純也 (1953 - )


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CLICK for more photos

. Goshogaki 御所柿(ごしょがき)
Persimmon "of the imperial palace"

kigo for late autumn


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Gosho ningyoo 御所人形
Gosho dolls from the Imperial Palace

Palace Dolls



quote
Gosho Ningyo generally represent fat, happy babies in a simplified infantile form. A heavy coat of gofun to achieve the perfectly white skin so prized in Japan seals them. They have minimal painted facial features - just the essential amount of detail ("no more - no less") to capture the essence of the child. Instead of switching to the popular inserted glass eyes, gosho artists maintained the spirit of these dolls by keeping the traditional black inked eye treatment.

Kyoto National Museum states that these white, rounded, chubby figures are thought to have been influenced by the naked children Saga dolls.
They were initiallly presents from the Imperial Palace to the Daimyo and other vassals.

There are many names associated with gosho dolls: "Good luck dolls", shira-kiku "white chrysanthemum", shirajishi-ningyo "white flesh doll", zudai "large head", or Izukura ningyo which refers to a Osaka doll dealer. The term "gosho" can be translated "from the Imperial Palace" since they were originally created by doll makers in Kyoto specifically to be gifts from the Imperial household to their special visitors. The recipients treasured these. The merchant class wanted to emulate this royal gift giving ritual - a status symbol. Thus the practice of giving gosho ningyo as special meaningful gifts spread throughout Japan.
MORE
source : www.lotzdollpages.com



Kawase Hasui 川瀬 巴水
- source : facebook



- More images of Gosho Dolls -


Gosho Dolls are often in the form of


karako 唐子 Chinese children

They carry auspicious items, like peaches or turtle and crane for longevity or a treasure ship (takarabune 宝船) for good financial fortunes.

. karako 唐子 Tang-China children - patterns .


Later they began to imitate (mitate 見立て) famous historical scenes and persons.

Dolls that could be bent three times (mitsu-ore 三つ折れ) were developed during the late 18th century.

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御所人形の稚児輪ふくらむ牡丹の芽
gosho ningyoo no chigowa fukuramu botan no me

the fluffy hairdo
of this Gosho doll -
bud of a peony


. Hasegawa Kanajo 長谷川かな女 .



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- shared by Mark on facebook


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Gosho dolls are a kind of

ishoo ningyoo 衣裳人形 dolls with robes
costume dolls
They come in various forms, like beautiful ladies in the robes of various historical periods, Kabuki and Noh actors and even as small amulets to protect children from illness.
. . . CLICK here for Photos !


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quote
Saga Ningyo 嵯峨人形 Saga ningyoo
Saga ningyo are considered to be the finest and rarest of the wooden carved dolls. Saga dolls originated during the Edo period in the town of Saga which is close to Kyoto. Without a doubt, Saga dolls were originally made by the same craftsmen who produced shrine deity statues. With just one look you can see similarities to the statues found in shrines. One of the earliest Saga ningyo is kept in a temple as a religious piece. Most early Saga dolls have a religious aspect to them, either as representations of Buddhist deities or as humans whose qualities made them deities after their death.

Toward the late Edo Period the dolls became a bit more playful with wobbling heads and tongues that protruded when the dolls are tipped forward. As stated, the workmanship of these dolls is remarkable. The carving of the wood was exquisite and the colors were dark lacquer, elaborately decorated in red and gold colored lacquer. These dolls were so popular in Edo that doll making shops copied the style, calling them Edo Saga ningyo. One of these dolls is represented in the accompanying picture. Edo Saga dolls were usually shown in active poses and required a stand of some sort to support them.
source : www.yoshinoantiques.com



. Regional Folk Toys from Japan .


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- - - - - Yosa Buson 与謝蕪村 - - - - -


春の夜に尊き御所を守る身かな
haru no yo ni tootoki gosho o moru mi kana

on spring nights
they have to guard the venerable
Imperial Palace . . .


The cut marker KANA is at the end of line 3.

The samurai who guarded the palace lived in cramped quarters nearby,
at Takiguchi 滝口.
It was named so because it was close to the mikawa-mizu 御溝水 water supply of the imperial palace.





滝口に 灯を呼ぶ声や春の雨
takiguchi ni hi o yobu koe ya haru no ame

at Takiguchi
voices call for a light -
rain in spring




They used bonfires in standing baskets (kagaribi 篝火) and torches (taimatsu 松明) .


These two hokku are said to be in memory of the famous poet-priest 西行法師 Saigyo Hoshi.

. Matsuo Basho and Saigyo .




春の夜や 狐の誘ふ上童
haru no yo ya kitsune no izanau ue warawa

spring night -
a fox comes to lure
a young lady servant





uewarawa, shootoo 上童(しょうとう) were young maidens serving at the royal palace.



. kitsune 狐 the Fox Deity .


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source : www.katazome.com/buson

よき人を宿す小家や朧月
yoki hito o yadosu ko-ie ya oborozuki

some aristocrat
might be living in this small house -
hazy spring moon


yoki hito よき人 "good people", persons of high rank
The small house must have looked especially luring and elegant in the spring moon.


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御所柿にたのまれ皃のかがし哉 
. goshogaki ni tanomare gao no kagashi kana .
御所柿 - Gosho Persimmons
Persimmons grown in Gose shi 御所市 Gose Town, Nara prefecture

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小冠者出て 花見る人を咎めけり -
. kokaja dete hana miru hito o togame-keri .

kokanja, kokaja 小冠者 young samurai who has just passed the ritual of genpuku 元服, coming of age for a samurai boy.



春の夕(ゆふべ)絶えなむとする香(かう)をつぐ
. haru no yuube taenamu to suru koo o tsugu .
The court ladies add more incense . . .


. Yosa Buson 与謝蕪村 in Edo .


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. Place Names and Haiku  

. Shishinden 紫宸殿 Hall for State Ceremonies .


. Kyoto (Hana no Miyako 花の都) .


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Xavier, Saint Francis Xavier

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Saint Francis Xavier

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Saint Francis Xavier, born Francisco de Jaso y Azpilicueta (7 April 1506, Javier, Navarre – 3 December 1552, Shangchuan Island, China) was a pioneering Roman Catholic missionary born in the Kingdom of Navarre (Spain) and co-founder of the Society of Jesus.
He was influential in the spreading and upkeep of Catholicism most notably in India, but also ventured into Japan, Borneo, the Moluccas, and other areas which had thus far not been visited by Christian missionaries.

Francis had initially interacted most with the lower classes (later though, in Japan, Francis changed tack by paying tribute to the Emperor and seeking an audience with him).

Francis Xavier reached Japan on 27 July 1549, with Anjiro and three other Jesuits, but it was not until 15 August that he went ashore at Kagoshima, the principal port of the province of Satsuma on the island of Kyūshū.
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フランシスコ・ザビエル Furanshisuko Zabieru



http://laudate.cocolog-nifty.com/blog/2008/01/post_1b5d.html

Xavier Papermachee Dolls, in Daruma fashion
from Kagoshima 鹿児島 ザビエル書院



. Karematsu Jinja 枯松神社 and hidden Christians .
Nagasaki


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kigo for early winter

Day of Saint Xavier
Sei Sabieru no hi 聖ザビエルの日 (せいざびえるのひ)

December 3

Sei Furanshisuko Sabieru shi sai no iwaibi
聖フランシスコ=ザビエル司祭の祝日
(せいふらんしすこざびえるしさいのいわいび)

Sabieru no iwaibi ザビエルの祝日(ざびえるのいわいび)

Sei Sabieru sai 聖ザビエル祭(せいざびえるさい)
Festival for Saint Xavier

Christian Celebrations in Winter KIGO

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ザビエルの鐘鳴りわたる聖五月
Sabieru no kane nariwataru seigogatsu

the bell of Xavier
rings far and wide -
Holy Month of May


Hotta Seikoo 堀田清江


This bell is located at the Xavier commemoration church
Yuda Onsen, Yamaguchi
サビエル記念聖堂
http://www.visit-jy.com/english/report/reports/vol04/


Reference : ザビエルの鐘


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Goa in India is known for the grave of Francis Xavier, the first Christian missionary to Japan.

On 11 December, 1553, Xavier's body was shipped to Goa.
The body is now in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, where it was placed in a glass container encased in a silver casket on December 2, 1637.


monsoon ...
the grave of Xavier
in the old church


Gabi Greve

. Carnival in Goa, India



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Japanese wine

Legend has it that grape-growing in Japan began in 718 CE, in Katsunuma, Yamanashi Prefecture. Wine may have been made from local grapes there, but the first documented case of wine consumption in Japan was in the 16th century, when the Jesuit missionaries arrived from Portugal.

Saint Francis Xavier brought wines as gifts for the feudal lords of Kyushu, and other missionaries continued the practice, resulting in locals acquiring taste for wine and importing it regularly.

More is here

. WASHOKU
Wine (budooshu 葡萄酒)



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As far as can be determined from Japanese historical record, shōchū appears to have been made since at least as far back as the 16th century.
For example, when the missionary Francis Xavier visited Kagoshima Prefecture in 1549, he recorded that
"the Japanese drink arak made from rice [...] but I have not seen a single drunkard. That is because once inebriated they immediately lie down and go to sleep."


. WASHOKU
shoochuu 焼酎 (しょうちゅう)
shochu, strong distilled liquor, Schnaps



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- quote -
Some historical background for foreigners in Japan. In addition to the first arrival of the Portuguese in 1543 at Tanegashima Island (south of Kyushu), the following important events took place:

• In 1600, the Dutch merchant ship arrived navigated by William Adams, the English navigator; the ship's name is "Liefde " ("Charity" or "Love"). In the following year, 1601, William Adams and Jan Joosten received audience with Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu at Edo.
• In 1610, the Spaniards received permission to trade with Japan.
• In 1616, the Edo shogunate selects Hirado and Nagasaki as the ports of calls for the European trade ships.
• In 1618, the English opened their commercial outpost in Hirado.
• In 1624; the Spaniards were expelled from Japan.
• In 1639, the Portuguese were forbidden to live and arrive in Japan.

In addition, so as to cope with increased presence of the Europeans, the Edo shogunate established bans for arrival of these trading ships as well as the Japanese traveling abroad (in Indochina) except the official trade ships. These bans are called "sakoku 鎖国," meaning "closing of Japan from the outside world" (with the exception of the Dutch and the Chinese):
• In 1633, 1st Sakoku order, banning the Japanese traveling overseas except for official trade ships and return of the Japanese living outside of Japan (such as in present Vietnam and the Philippines).
• In 1635, 2nd Sakoku order, forbidding arrivals of foreign ships at other ports than Nagasaki, and Japanese travel abroad and return to Japan for those who live outside of Japan.
• In 1639, 3rd Sakoku order, the Portuguese were forbidden to arrive to or live in Japan.
• In 1645, the Dutch trading post (オランダ商館) moved from Hirado to the Dejima (出島) in Nagasaki.

Additional events regarding the Dutch East India Company (with the acronym VOC) and Qing Chinese ships:
• In 1655, the Dutch given a free-trade status.
• In 1685, establishment of textile trade limitation for the Dutch.
• In 1720, a ban on import of Western books translated into Chinese except for Christian items.
• In 1746, annual trade ship limitations, 10 Qing Chinese ships and 2 Dutch ships per annum.
• In 1780, the head of the Dutch East India Company (Chiching, the spelling of his name is uncertain here) received an audience with the 10th Tokugawa Shogun, Iechika, in Edo. (See the attached view of three Dutch merchants visiting a tea house in Kyoto, which I take took place on their way to Edo for this audience; this was first published in 1780 and reissued in 1786: < http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/meisyo…/kyotosyui/…/km_01_185.html >). For the Dutch-Japanese relations, see (with Japanese option): < http://japan.nlembassy.org/yo…/dutch-japanese-relations.html >; from Columbia University, KEY POINTS IN DEVELOPMENTS IN EAST ASIA >> 1450-1750: < http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/main_pop/kpct/kp_tokugawa.htm >.
• From the late 18th to early 19th century, frequent arrivals of the Russians to Hokkaido.
• In 1803, an American ship arrives in Nagasaki for asking for trade--this request was refused.
• In 1817, an English ship arrived in Uraga (not far from Edo)
• In 1823, the German medical doctor Siebold arrives in Japan as the attending physician for the Dutch in Nagasaki. (In 1828, the Siebold Incident, involving the Japanese astronomer Takahashi Keiho 高橋景保 presents a Japanese map to Siebold; the Japanese astronomer jailed and Siebold leaves Japan in 1829.)
• In 1837, the Morrison Incident, an American ship arrives in Uraga accompanying rescued Japanese, the ship repelled.
• In 1844, the Dutch king presents the Edo shogunate a national advise asking Japan to open up the country to the outside world; the Japanese refused in the following year.
• In 1848, an American whaling ship arrives in Matsumae as result of being drift, and its crew being transferred to Nagasaki. In the following year, America arrived in Nagasaki to pick up the crew of this drift whaling ship. The same year, the English fleet arrives in Uraga.
• In 1852, a Russian ship arrives in Shimoda.
• 1853, the American East India Fleet Commander, Commodore Matthew Perry, arrives in Uraga with four iron steam ships demanding a friendship treaty with Japan. In the following year, 1854, the treaty was signed in Kanagawa as Japan-America Friendship Treaty 日米和親条約 (also referred to as 神奈川条約 the Kanagawa Treaty).
• In 1855, Japan concludes similar friendship treaties with the French and the Dutch.
• In 1856, the first American consult Townsend Harris (1804-1878) arrives in Shimoda.

And the rest results in the Japanese internal struggle to deal with how to treat the Westerners but also to rid of the shogun in Edo in favor of the emperor in Kyoto, with four main factions struggling against each other--1) the pro-shogun, pro-opening up Japan to the outside, 2) the pro-shogun, anti-opening up Japan, 3) pro-emperor and pro-opening up Japan, and 4) pro-emperor and anti-opening up Japan. These conflicts took place from the 1850s to 1868, when the Meiji era opened after the 15th Tokugawa shogun "returned" the power to administer Japan to the emperor.
(photos)
- source : - Yoshio on facebook -


. Nagasakiya 長崎屋 "Dutch Inn" in Edo .
where a lot of information was exchanged.


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Sakoku (鎖国, "closed country" but commonly translated as "period of national isolation")
was the foreign relations policy of Japan under which severe restrictions were placed on the entry of foreigners to Japan and Japanese people were forbidden to leave the country without special permission, on penalty of death if they returned. The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633–39 and largely remained officially in effect until 1866, although the arrival of the American Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry, which started the opening of Japan to Western trade, eroded its enforcement severely.
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. kakure kirishitan, kurisuchan
隠れキリシタン, 隠れクリスチャン .

the "hidden Christians"


. Stepping on a Christian image
(Fumi-e, ebumi 踏絵 絵踏)
 



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