Preface

xxv

What Is Linux?

(16)

Computer Systems

(1)

Hardware

(1)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

(1)

Bus

(1)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

(1)

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

(1)

Disk(s)

(1)

CD-ROM Drives

(1)

Monitor(s)

(1)

Graphics Card(s)

(1)

Keyboard

(1)

Mouse

(1)

Printer(s)

(1)

Tape(s)

(1)

Modem

(1)

Network Interface

(1)

Other Peripherals

(1)

Operating System

(1)

Software

(1)

Sharing Resources

(1)

Communication

(1)

Utilities

(1)

Programmer Support

(1)

Standards

(1)

Linux Lineage

(3)

UNIX

(2)

Open Source Software and the Free Software Foundation

(1)

Linus

(1)

Linux Packaging

(1)

The Linux and UNIX Philosophy

(1)

Linux Features

(1)

The Rest of This Book

(3)

Installing Your Linux System

(24)

Introduction

(1)

Make Sure Your Hardware Will Support Linux

(2)

CPU Type

(1)

Bus Architecture

(1)

Memory

(1)

Disk

(1)

Display, Keyboard, and Mouse

(1)

Choose Your Linux Distribution

(3)

Debian

(1)

Fedora

(1)

Mandrake

(1)

Slackware

(1)

SuSE

(1)

TurboLinux

(1)

Consider Optional Software Packages

(5)

X Window System

(1)

Desktop Environments

(2)

Networking

(1)

Office Tools

(1)

Programming Languages and Tools

(1)

Design Your System

(5)

How Do You Want To Run Linux?

(1)

Disk Partitioning

(2)

Linux File Systems

(2)

Boot Loaders

(1)

Boot Floppy

(1)

Get Linux

(2)

CD-ROM

(1)

Download

(1)

Install Linux

(6)

Get the Documentation for Your Distribution

(1)

Boot

(1)

Partition Disks

(2)

Resize a Windows Partition

(1)

System Setup

(1)

The Boot Loader

(3)

GNU Utilities for Nonprogrammers

(66)

Obtaining an Account

(1)

Logging In

(1)

Shells

(1)

Running a GNU Utility

(1)

Input, Output, and Error Channels

(1)

Obtaining online Help: man

(2)

Special Characters

(2)

Terminating a Process: Control-C

(1)

End-of-input: Control-D

(1)

Setting Your Password: passwd

(1)

Logging Out

(1)

Poetry in Motion: Exploring the File System

(2)

Printing Your Shell's Current Working Directory: pwd

(1)

Absolute and Relative Pathnames

(2)

Creating a File

(1)

Listing the Contents of a Directory: Is

(1)

Listing the Contents of a File: cat/more/head/tail

(2)

Renaming a File: mv

(1)

Creating a Directory: mkdir

(1)

Moving to a Directory: cd

(1)

Copying a File: cp

(1)

Editing a File: vim

(1)

Deleting a Directory: rmdir

(1)

Deleting a File: rm

(2)

Printing a File: lp/lpstat/cancel

(1)

Printing a File: lpr/lpq/lprm

(2)

Counting Words in a File: wc

(1)

File Attributes

(4)

File Storage

(1)

Filenames

(1)

File Modification Time

(1)

File Owner

(1)

File Group

(1)

File Types

(1)

File Permissions

(2)

Hard Link Count

(1)

Groups

(1)

Listing Your Groups: groups

(1)

Changing a File's Group: chgrp

(1)

Changing a File's Permissions: chmod

(2)

Changing a File's Owner: chown

(1)

Changing Groups: newgrp

(1)

Poetry in Motion: Epilogue

(1)

Determining Your Terminal's Type: tset

(3)

Changing a Terminal's Characteristics: stty

(2)

Editing a File: vim

(11)

Starting vim

(1)

Text Entry Mode

(1)

Command Mode

(1)

Memory Buffer and Temporary Files

(1)

Common Editing Features

(1)

Cursor Movement

(1)

Deleting Text

(1)

Replacing Text

(1)

Pasting Text

(1)

Searching

(1)

Search/Replace

(1)

Saving/Loading Files

(1)

Miscellaneous

(1)

Customizing vim

(1)

Keeping Your Customizations

(1)

Editing a File: emacs

(6)

Starting emacs

(1)

emacs Commands

(1)

Getting Out of Trouble

(1)

Getting Help

(1)

Leaving emacs

(1)

emacs Modes

(1)

Entering Text

(1)

Common Editing Features

(1)

Moving the Cursor

(1)

Deleting, Pasting, and Undoing

(1)

Searching

(1)

Search/Replace

(1)

Saving/Loading files

(1)

Miscellaneous

(1)

Electronic Mail: mail

(8)

Sending Mail

101

(1)

Reading Mail

102

(1)

Contacting the System Administrator

103

(4)

GNU Utilities for Power Users

107

(60)

Introduction

108

(1)

Filtering Files: grep, egrep, fgrep, and uniq

109

(4)

Filtering Patterns: egrep/fgrep/grep

109

(3)

Removing Duplicate Lines: uniq

112

(1)

Sorting Files: sort

113

(3)

Comparing Files: cmp and diff

116

(3)

Testing for Sameness: cmp

116

(1)

File Differences: diff

117

(2)

Finding Files: find

119

(2)

Archiving Files: cpio, tar, and dump/restore

121

(7)

Copying Files: cpio

121

(3)

Tape Archiving: tar

124

(2)

Incremental Backups: Dump and Restore

126

(2)

Scheduling Commands: crontab and at

128

(4)

Periodic Execution: Crontab

128

(2)

One-time Execution: at

130

(2)

Programmable Text Processing: gawk

132

(5)

gawk Programs

132

(1)

Accessing Individual Fields

133

(1)

BEGIN and END

133

(1)

Operators

134

(1)

Variables

134

(1)

Control Structures

135

(1)

Extended Regular Expressions

135

(1)

Condition Ranges

136

(1)

Field Separators

136

(1)

Built-In Functions

136

(1)

Hard and Soft Links: In

137

(2)

Identifying Shells: whoami

139

(1)

Substituting a User: su

139

(1)

Transforming Files

140

(8)

Compressing Files: gzip and gunzip

141

(1)

Stream Editing: sed

141

(5)

Translating Characters: tr

146

(1)

Converting Underline Sequences: ul

147

(1)

Looking at Raw File Contents: od

148

(1)

Mounting File Systems: mount and umount

149

(1)

Identifying Terminals: tty

150

(1)

Timing Execution: time

151

(1)

Rolling Your Own Programs: Perl

152

(15)

Getting Perl

152

(1)

Running Perl

152

(1)

Printing Text

153

(1)

Variables, Strings, and Integers

153

(1)

Arrays

154

(1)

Mathematical and Logical Operators

155

(2)

String Operators

157

(1)

Comparison Operators

157

(1)

If, while, for and foreach Loop Constructs

158

(1)

File I/O

159

(1)

Functions

159

(1)

Library Functions

160

(1)

Command-line Arguments

161

(1)

A Real-World E-xample

162

(5)

The Linux Shells

167

(36)

Introduction

168

(1)

Selecting a Shell

169

(1)

Shell Operations

170

(1)

Executable Files Versus Built-In Commands

170

(1)

Displaying Information: echo

171

(1)

Changing Directories: cd

171

(1)

Metacharacters

171

(1)

Redirection

172

(2)

Output Redirection

173

(1)

Input Redirection

174

(1)

Filename Substitution (Wildcards)

174

(4)

Pipes

175

(3)

Command Substitution

178

(1)

Sequences

178

(1)

Conditional Sequences

179

(1)

Grouping Commands

179

(1)

Background Processing

180

(1)

Redirecting Background Processes

181

(1)

Shell Programs (Scripts)

182

(1)

Subshells or Child Shells

183

(1)

Variables

184

(3)

Quoting

187

(1)

Here Documents

187

(1)

Job Control

188

(6)

Process Status: ps

188

(4)

Signaling Processes: kill

192

(1)

Waiting For Child Processes: wait

193

(1)

Finding a Command: SPATH

194

(1)

Superseding Standard Utilities

195

(1)

Termination and Exit Codes

196

(1)

Common Core Built-ins

197

(6)

eval

197

(1)

exec

197

(1)

shift

198

(1)

umask

199

(4)

The Bourne Again Shell

203

(42)

Introduction

204

(1)

Startup

204

(1)

Variables

205

(12)

Creating/Assigning a Simple Variable

205

(1)

Accessing Simple Variables

206

(3)

Creating/Assigning a List Variable

209

(1)

Accessing List Variables

209

(1)

Building Lists

210

(1)

Destroying lists

211

(1)

Reading a Variable from Standard Input

211

(1)

Exporting Variables

212

(1)

Read-only Variables

213

(1)

Predefined Variables

214

(3)

Command Shortcuts

217

(3)

Aliases

217

(1)

Command History

217

(3)

Auto-Completion

220

(1)

Tilde Substitution

220

(1)

Redirection

221

(1)

Command Substitution

222

(1)

Arithmetic

222

(1)

Conditional Expressions

223

(3)

Arithmetic Tests

223

(1)

String Comparisons

224

(1)

File-Oriented Expressions

224

(2)

Control Structures

226

(6)

case .. in .. esac

226

(2)

if .. then .. elif .. then .. else .. fi

228

(1)

for .. do .. done

229

(1)

while/until .. do .. done

229

(2)

trap

231

(1)

Functions

232

(4)

Using Parameters

233

(1)

Returning from a Function

233

(1)

Access to Functions

234

(1)

Recursion

235

(1)

Sharing Functions

236

(1)

Menus: select

236

(1)

Directory Access and the Directory Stack

237

(2)

Job Control

239

(3)

Specifying a Job

240

(1)

240

(1)

241

(1)

kill

241

(1)

Command-Line Options

242

(3)

The Korn Shell

245

(50)

Introduction

246

(1)

Startup

246

(2)

Variables

248

(7)

Creating/Assigning A Variable

248

(1)

Accessing A Variable

248

(2)

Reading a Variable from Standard Input

250

(1)

Exporting Variables

251

(1)

Read-Only Variables

252

(1)

Predefined Local Variables

253

(1)

Predefined Environment Variables

254

(1)

Aliases

255

(4)

Aliasing Built-in Commands

256

(1)

Removing an Alias

256

(1)

Predefined Aliases

256

(1)

Some Useful Aliases

257

(1)

Tracked Aliases

258

(1)

Sharing Aliases

258

(1)

History

259

(3)

Numbered Commands

259

(1)

Storage of Commands

259

(1)

Command Re-execution

260

(1)

Editing Commands

260

(2)

Editing Commands

262

(3)

The Built-in vi Editor

262

(2)

The Built-in emacs/gmacs Editor

264

(1)

Arithmetic

265

(2)

Preventing Metacharacter Interpretation

266

(1)

Testing Values

266

(1)

Tilde Substitution

267

(1)

Menus: select

267

(2)

Functions

269

(4)

Using Parameters

270

(1)

Returning from a Function

270

(1)

Context

271

(1)

Local Variables

271

(1)

Recursion

271

(1)

Sharing Functions

272

(1)

Job Control

273

(3)

Jobs

273

(1)

Specifying a Job

274

(1)

274

(1)

275

(1)

kill

275

(1)

Enhancements

276

(14)

Redirection

276

(1)

Pipes

277

(1)

Command Substitution

277

(1)

Variables

277

(7)

Built-Ins

284

(6)

Sample Project: junk

290

(3)

Command-Line Options

293

(2)

The C Shell

295

(40)

Introduction

296

(1)

Startup

296

(2)

Variables

298

(5)

Creating/Assigning Simple Variables

298

(1)

Accessing a Simple Variable

298

(1)

Creating/Assigning List Variables

299

(1)

Accessing a List Variable

300

(1)

Building Lists

300

(1)

Predefined Local Variables

301

(1)

Creating/Assigning Environment Variables

302

(1)

Predefined Environment Variables

303

(1)

Expressions

303

(4)

String Expressions

303

(1)

Arithmetic Expressions

304

(2)

File-oriented Expressions

306

(1)

Filename Completion

307

(1)

Command Editing

307

(1)

Aliases

307

(3)

Removing an Alias

309

(1)

Useful Aliases

309

(1)

Sharing Aliases

309

(1)

Parameterized Aliases

310

(1)

History

310

(4)

Numbered Commands

310

(1)

Storage of Commands

310

(1)

Reading History

310

(1)

Command Re-execution

311

(1)

Accessing Pieces of History

312

(1)

Accessing Portions of Filenames

313

(1)

History Substitution

313

(1)

Control Structures

314

(7)

foreach .. end

314

(1)

goto

315

(1)

if .. then .. else .. endif

316

(1)

onintr

317

(1)

repeat

318

(1)

switch .. case .. endsw

318

(2)

while .. end

320

(1)

Sample Project: junk

321

(2)

Enhancements

323

(5)

Metacharacters: { }

324

(1)

Filename Substitution

324

(1)

Redirection

325

(1)

Piping

325

(1)

Job Control

326

(2)

Terminating a Login Shell

328

(1)

Built-ins

328

(2)

chdir

328

(1)

glob

329

(1)

source

329

(1)

The Directory Stack

330

(2)

The Hash Table

331

(1)

Command-Line Options

332

(3)

Networking and the Internet

335

(40)

Introduction

336

(1)

Building a Network

336

(2)

Ethernets

337

(1)

Bridges

338

(1)

Routers

338

(1)

Gateways

338

(1)

Internetworking

338

(6)

Packet Switching

340

(1)

IP Addresses

340

(1)

Naming

341

(1)

Routing

342

(1)

Security

342

(1)

Ports and Common Services

343

(1)

Network Programming

344

(1)

Identifying Network Users

344

(3)

Listing Users: users

344

(1)

More User Listings: who and w

345

(1)

Your Own Host Name: hostname

345

(1)

Personal Data: finger

346

(1)

Communicating with Network Users

347

(3)

Shielding Yourself from Communication: mesg

347

(1)

Sending a Line at a Time: write

348

(1)

Interactive Conversations: talk

349

(1)

Messages to Everyone: wall

349

(1)

Distributing Data

350

(4)

Copying Files Between Two Linux or UNIX Hosts: rcp and scp

351

(1)

Copying Files Between Non-Linux/UNIX Hosts: ftp and sftp

351

(3)

Distributed Processing

354

(6)

Remote Logins: rlogin and slogin

355

(1)

Executing Remote Commands: rsh and ssh

356

(1)

Remote Connections: telnet

357

(3)

Evolution of the Internet

360

(11)

In The Beginning---the 1960s

360

(1)

Standardizing the Internet---the 1970s

361

(2)

Re-Architecting and Renaming the Internet---the 1980s

363

(3)

The Web---the 1990s

366

(5)

Using Today's Internet

371

(4)

URLs

371

(1)

Web Searches

372

(1)

Finding Users and Domains

373

(2)

The Linux Desktop

375

(24)

Introduction

376

(1)

Graphical User Interfaces

376

(1)

MIT

376

(1)

X Servers

377

(2)

Screen Geometry

377

(1)

Security and Authorization

378

(1)

Desktop Environments

379

(2)

CDE

380

(1)

GNOME

380

(1)

KDE

381

(1)

Window Managers

381

(4)

Focus

381

(1)

Program Startup

382

(1)

Opened and Closed Windows

383

(1)

Choices

384

(1)

Widgets

385

(2)

Menus

385

(1)

Pushbuttons

385

(1)

Check Boxes/Radio Buttons

385

(2)

Scroll Bars

387

(1)

Desktop Operation

387

(2)

Bringing up the Root Menu

388

(1)

Opening and Closing a Window

388

(1)

Minimizing a Window

389

(1)

Maximizing a Window

389

(1)

Moving a Window

389

(1)

Resizing a Window

389

(1)

Raising or Lowering a Window

389

(1)

Bringing up a Window Menu

389

(1)

Client Applications

389

(2)

xclock

390

(1)

xterm

391

(1)

Standard X Client Arguments

391

(1)

geometry

391

(1)

Foreground and Background

391

(1)

title

392

(1)

iconic

392

(1)

Advanced Topics

392

(7)

Copy-and-Paste

392

(1)

Networking Capabilities

393

(1)

Application Resources

394

(5)

C Programming Tools

399

(32)

The C Language

400

(1)

C Compilers

400

(1)

Single-Module Programs

401

(3)

Compiling a C Program

402

(1)

A Listing of the Corrected Reverse Program

402

(1)

Running a C Program

403

(1)

Overriding the Default Executable Name

404

(1)

Multimodule Programs

404

(4)

Reusable Functions

404

(1)

Preparing a Reusable Function

404

(2)

Separately Compiling and Linking Modules

406

(1)

Reusing the Reverse Function

406

(2)

Archiving Modules: ar

408

(3)

Creating or Adding a File

408

(1)

Appending a File

409

(1)

Obtaining a Table of Contents

409

(1)

Deleting a File

409

(1)

Extracting a File

409

(1)

Maintaining an Archive from the Command Line

410

(1)

Indexing Archives

410

(1)

Shared Libraries

411

(1)

Managing Dependencies: make

411

(7)

Make Files

412

(1)

The Order of Make Rules

413

(1)

Running Make

414

(1)

Make Rules

415

(1)

Forcing Compilation

415

(1)

Macros

416

(1)

Maintaining an Archive Using Make

417

(1)

Other Make Capabilities

418

(1)

The GNU Profiler: gprof

418

(1)

Debugging a Program: gdb

419

(10)

Preparing a Program for Debugging

421

(1)

Entering the Debugger

421

(1)

Running a Program

422

(1)

Listing a Program

422

(2)

Setting a Breakpoint

424

(2)

Stepping Through the Code

426

(1)

Examining Variable Values

427

(1)

The Epiphany

428

(1)

When You're Done: strip

429

(2)

Systems Programming

431

(102)

Introduction

432

(2)

Error Handling: perror ()

434

(2)

Regular File Management

436

(37)

A File Management Primer

436

(2)

First Example: reverse

438

(1)

How reverse Works

439

(1)

reverse.c: Listing

440

(5)

Opening a File: open ()

445

(2)

Reading From a File: read ()

447

(1)

Writing to a File: write ()

448

(1)

Moving in a File: Iseek ()

449

(1)

Closing a File: close ()

450

(1)

Deleting a File: unlink ()

451

(1)

Second Example: monitor

451

(2)

How monitor Works

453

(1)

Monitor.c: Listing

453

(8)

Obtaining File Information: stat ()

461

(2)

Reading Directory Information: opendir (), readdir (), and closedir ()

463

(1)

Miscellaneous File Management System Calls

464

(1)

Changing a File's Owner and/or Group: chown ()

464

(1)

Changing a File's Permissions: chmod ()

465

(1)

Duplicating a File Descriptor: dup ()

466

(1)

File Descriptor Operations: fcntl ()

467

(2)

Controlling Devices: ioctl ()

469

(1)

Creating Hard Links: link ()

469

(1)

Creating Special Files: mknod (), mkdir (), and mkfifo ()

470

(1)

Flushing the File System Buffer: sync ()

471

(1)

Truncating a File: truncate ()

472

(1)

Process Management

473

(13)

Creating a New Process: fork ()

474

(2)

Orphan Processes

476

(2)

Terminating a Process: exit ()

478

(1)

Zombie Processes

478

(1)

Waiting for a Child: wait ()

479

(2)

Differentiating a Process: exec

481

(1)

Changing Directories: chdir ()

482

(1)

Changing Priorities: nice ()

483

(1)

Accessing User and Group IDs

484

(1)

Sample Program: Background Processing

485

(1)

Redirection

485

(1)

Signals

486

(14)

Signal Types

487

(1)

Defined Signals

487

(1)

POSIX Signals

488

(1)

Terminal Signals

489

(1)

Requesting an Alarm Signal: alarm ()

489

(1)

Handling Signals: signal ()

490

(1)

Protecting Critical Code and Chaining Interrupt Handlers

491

(1)

Sending Signals: kill ()

492

(1)

Death of Children

493

(1)

Suspending and Resuming Processes

494

(2)

Process Groups and Control Terminals

496

(4)

Interprocess Communication

500

(33)

Pipes

501

(7)

Sockets

508

(25)

Linux Internals

533

(42)

Introduction

534

(1)

Kernel Basics

534

(7)

Kernel Subsystems

534

(1)

Processes and Files

535

(1)

Talking to the Kernel

536

(1)

System Calls

536

(1)

User Mode and Kernel Mode

536

(2)

Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Processing

538

(2)

Interrupting Interrupts

540

(1)

The File System

541

(11)

Disk Architecture

541

(3)

Virtual File System

544

(1)

Inodes

545

(2)

File System Layout

547

(1)

Bad Blocks

548

(1)

Directories

548

(1)

Translating Pathnames into Inode Numbers

549

(2)

Mounting File Systems

551

(1)

Process Management

552

(4)

Executable Files

552

(1)

The First Processes

552

(1)

Kernel Processes and User Processes

552

(1)

The Process Hierarchy

552

(1)

Process States

553

(1)

Process Kernel Data

553

(2)

The Task List

555

(1)

The Scheduler

555

(1)

Virtual Memory Management

556

(4)

The Page Table

556

(1)

Paging

557

(1)

Memory-Mapped Files

558

(1)

Swapping

558

(1)

Allocation and Deallocation

559

(1)

Loading an Executable: execl ()/execv ()

560

(1)

Duplicating a Process: fork ()

560

(1)

Input and Output

560

(9)

I/O Objects

561

(1)

I/O System Calls

561

(1)

I/O Buffering

561

(1)

Regular File I/O

562

(3)

Directory File I/O

565

(1)

Mounting File Systems

565

(1)

Translation of Filenames

566

(1)

Special File I/O

567

(2)

Interprocess Communication

569

(6)

Signals

569

(3)

Pipes

572

(1)

Sockets

573

(2)

System Administration

575

(20)

Introduction

576

(1)

Becoming the Super-User

576

(2)

Using su

577

(1)

Using sudo

577

(1)

Starting Linux

578

(2)

The Linux Kernel

578

(1)

Run Levels

578

(1)

init

579

(1)

Boot Scripts

579

(1)

Stopping Linux

580

(1)

Maintaining the File System

580

(4)

File System Integrity

580

(1)

Disk Space

581

(2)

Creating New File Systems

583

(1)

Backing up File Systems

584

(1)

Maintaining User Accounts

584

(3)

The Password File

585

(1)

The Group File

586

(1)

Installing New Software

587

(1)

Peripheral Devices

587

(1)

The Network Interface

588

(1)

Automating Tasks

589

(1)

Tunable Kernel Parameters

590

(1)

The /proc File System

590

(1)

The sysctl Utility

591

(1)

Security Issues

591

(4)

Appendix

595

(14)

Bibliography

609

(2)

Index

611

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Linux For Programmers And Users

9780131857483

0131857487

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