Pumpellyite-(Mg)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Josiah Heyman
About Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Formula:
Ca2MgAl2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2 · H2O
Colour:
Green, blue, blackish green, brown
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5½
Specific Gravity:
3.18
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1925 by Charles Palache and Helen E. Vassar in honor of US geologist, Raphael Pumpelly [September 8, 1837 Owego, New York, USA – August 10, 1923 Newport, Rhode Island, USA]. The chemical suffix was added in 1973 by the IMA. Pumpelly was an active mining consultant and was professor of Mining Science at Harvard University. He was appointed director of the New England branch of the U. S. Geological Survey in 1884.
Type Locality:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3309
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3309:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
bf8cd5d2-a90d-4174-a6ec-dda5eb12f2e0
IMA Classification of Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1925
Classification of Pumpellyite-(Mg)
9.BG.20
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
G : Sorosilicates with mixed SiO4 and Si2O7 groups; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
58.2.2.7
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2)
58 : SOROSILICATES Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups
2 : Insular, Mixed, Single, and Larger Tetrahedral Groups with cations in [6] and higher coordination; single and double groups (n = 1, 2)
16.11.7
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
11 : Aluminosilicates of Ca and Mg with or without alkalis
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
11 : Aluminosilicates of Ca and Mg with or without alkalis
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Pmp-Mg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pmp | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Pmp | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Pmp | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Pmp | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Green, blue, blackish green, brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5½ on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {001} and {100}.
Distinct on {001} and {100}.
Density:
3.18(3) g/cm3 (Measured) 3.20 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.674 - 1.748 nβ = 1.675 - 1.754 nγ = 1.688 - 1.764
2V:
Measured: 70° to 90°, Calculated: 32° to 76°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.014 - 0.016
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
X = nearly colorless to pale greenish yellow; Y = blue-green; Z = almost colorless to brownish yellow.
Chemistry of Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Mindat Formula:
Ca2MgAl2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2 · H2O
Crystallography of Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.83(1) Å, b = 5.90(1) Å, c = 19.17(2) Å
β = 97.10°
β = 97.10°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.497 : 1 : 3.249
Unit Cell V:
991.04 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Bladed, typically elongated along [010]; in stellate clusters, fibrous, or dense mats.
Twinning:
Common on {001} and {100}
Comment:
Non-standard space group A2/m.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0017597 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Hamada M, Akasaka M, Seto S, Makino K (2010) Crystal chemistry of chromian pumpellyite from Osayama, Okayama Prefecture, Japan American Mineralogist 95 1294-1304 | 2010 | Osayama ultramafic body, Okayama, Japan | 0 | 293 | |
0017598 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Hamada M, Akasaka M, Seto S, Makino K (2010) Crystal chemistry of chromian pumpellyite from Osayama, Okayama Prefecture, Japan American Mineralogist 95 1294-1304 | 2010 | Osayama ultramafic body, Okayama, Japan | 0 | 293 | |
0017600 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Hamada M, Akasaka M, Seto S, Makino K (2010) Crystal chemistry of chromian pumpellyite from Osayama, Okayama Prefecture, Japan American Mineralogist 95 1294-1304 | 2010 | Osayama ultramafic body, Okayama, Japan | 0 | 293 | |
0017601 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Hamada M, Akasaka M, Seto S, Makino K (2010) Crystal chemistry of chromian pumpellyite from Osayama, Okayama Prefecture, Japan American Mineralogist 95 1294-1304 | 2010 | Osayama ultramafic body, Okayama, Japan | 0 | 293 | |
0007760 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Artioli G, Geiger C A (1994) The crystal chemistry of pumpellyite: An X-ray Rietveld refinement and 57Fe Mossbauer study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 443-453 | 1994 | Keweenawan, Michigan | 0 | 293 | |
0009365 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Galli E, Alberti A (1969) On the crystal structure of pumpellyite Acta Crystallographica B25 2276-2281 | 1969 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018298 | Pumpellyite-(Mg) | Nagashima M, Akasaka M, Ikeda K, Kyono A, Makino K (2010) X-ray single-crystal and optical spectroscopic study of chromian pumpellyite from Sarany, Urals, Russia Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 105 187-193 | 2010 | Sarany, Ural Mountains, Russia | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.90 Å | (100) |
3.79 Å | (50) |
2.74 Å | (50) |
2.452 Å | (40) |
2.64 Å | (30) |
2.210 Å | (30) |
1.597 Å | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Type Occurrence of Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 90919.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 95279-95281.
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1926, 225-226.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 95279-95281.
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1926, 225-226.
Reference:
Palache, C., Vassar, H.E. (1925) Some minerals of the Keweenawan copper deposits: pumpellyite, a new mineral; sericite; saponite. American Mineralogist: 10: 412-418.
Synonyms of Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Other Language Names for Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Varieties of Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Chlorastrolite | Chatoyant and generally exhibits a distinctive and attractive mosaic or segmented pattern, sometimes referred to as "turtleback". State gemstone of Michigan. Originally described from Isle Royale National Park, Lake Superior, Keweenaw Co., Michigan, USA. |
Relationship of Pumpellyite-(Mg) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Pumpellyite-(Al) | Ca2Al3(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
Pumpellyite-(Fe2+) | Ca2Fe2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
Pumpellyite-(Fe3+) | Ca2Fe3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
Pumpellyite-(Mn2+) | Ca2Mn2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2 · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
29 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
21 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
20 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 |
11 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
8 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
6 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Fluorapophyllite-(K) | KCa4(Si8O20)(F,OH) · 8H2O |
5 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Rock Crystal | SiO2 |
4 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O |
4 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
3 photos of Pumpellyite-(Mg) associated with Stilbite Subgroup | M6-7[Al8-9Si27-28O72] · nH2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.BG. | Shuiskite-(Cr) | Ca2Cr3+Cr3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
9.BG. | Alnaperbøeite-(Ce) | Ca(Ce2.5Na0.5)(AlAl2Al)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG. | Magnesiovesuvianite | Ca19MgAl4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
9.BG. | Alumovesuvianite | Ca19AlAl4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
9.BG. | Zoisite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG. | Vielleaureite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(MgAlMn2+)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG. | Heflikite | (CaCa)(AlAlSc)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG. | Zilbermintsite-(La) | (CaLa5)(Fe3+Al3Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Allanite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Y) | (CaY)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Dissakisite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(AlAlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Dollaseite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(MgAlMg)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Hancockite | (CaPb)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Khristovite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(MgAlMn2+)F[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Mukhinite | (CaCa)(AlAlV3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Piemontite | (CaCa)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Piemontite-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Manganiandrosite-(La) | (Mn2+La)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Tweddillite | (CaSr)(Mn3+AlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Ferriallanite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Niigataite | (CaSr)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Manganiandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Dissakisite-(La) | (CaLa)(AlAlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Vanadoandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(V3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Uedaite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a | Epidote-(Sr) | (CaSr)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Nd) | (CaNd)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Unnamed (Mg-analogue of Ferriallanite-(Ce)) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlMg)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Unnamed (Mn3+-analogue of Ferriakasakaite-(Ce)) | (CaCe)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Ferriallanite-(La) | (CaLa)(Fe3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Åskagenite-(Nd) | (Mn2+Nd)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4]O |
9.BG.05 | Piemontite-(Pb) | (CaPb)(AlAlMn3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Vanadoallanite-(La) | (CaLa)(V3+AlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Ferriakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Ferriandrosite-(La) | (Mn2+La)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Androsite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(AlAlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05 | Ferriandrosite-(Ce) | (Mn2+Ce)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05a v | Unnamed (Ga-analogue of Epidote) | (CaCa)(AlAlGa3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | UM1989-32-SiO:AlCaFeHREE | (Ca0.5◻0.5REE)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Manganiakasakaite-(La) | (CaLa)(Mn3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Ferriakasakaite-(Ce) | (CaCe)(Fe3+AlMn2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.05b | Allanite-(Sm) | (CaSm)(AlAlFe2+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.10 | Zoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
9.BG.15 | Macfallite | Ca2Mn3+3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3 |
9.BG.15 | Sursassite | Mn2+2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)(OH)3 |
9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Fe2+) | Ca2Fe2+Fe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
9.BG.20 | Okhotskite | Ca2Mn2+Mn3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Fe2+) | Ca2Fe2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O |
9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Fe3+) | Ca2Fe3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O |
9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Mn2+) | Ca2Mn2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)2 · H2O |
9.BG.20 | Shuiskite-(Mg) | Ca2MgCr3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Fe3+) | Ca2Fe3+Fe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
9.BG.20 | Pumpellyite-(Al) | Ca2Al3(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH,O)2 · H2O |
9.BG.20 | Poppiite | Ca2V3+V3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2O |
9.BG.20 | Julgoldite-(Mg) | Ca2MgFe3+2[Si2O6OH][SiO4](OH)2(OH) |
9.BG.25 | Ganomalite | Pb9Ca5Mn(Si2O7)4(SiO4)O |
9.BG.25 | Wayneburnhamite | Pb9Ca6(Si2O7)3(SiO4)3 |
9.BG.30 | Rustumite | Ca10(Si2O7)2(SiO4)(OH)2Cl2 |
9.BG.35 | Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Wiluite | Ca19MgAl4(Al,Mg)8(B,◻)4◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(O,OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Manganvesuvianite | Ca19Mn3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Fluorvesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(F,OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Cyprine | Ca19Cu2+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Hongheite | Ca19Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg)8(◻4)B[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH,O)9 |
9.BG.35 | Milanriederite | (Ca18[REE])Fe3+Al4(Mg4Al4)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10](OH)(OH)9 |
9.BG.35 | Manaevite-(Ce) | (Ca13Ce4[H2O]2)Mg(Al3Mg)(Mg3Ti3Fe3+2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)8(H4O4)2]O(OH)9 |
9.BG.40 | Vyuntspakhkite-(Y) | (Y,Yb)4Al2.5-1.5(Si,Al)1.5-2.5(SiO4)4O(OH)7 |
9.BG.45 | Dellaite | Ca6Si3O11(OH)2 |
9.BG.50 | Gatelite-(Ce) | CaCe3(AlAl2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.50 | Perbøeite-(Ce) | CaCe3(AlAl2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.50 | Ferriperbøeite-(Ce) | CaCe3(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.50 | Ferriperbøeite-(La) | CaLa3(Fe3+Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.50 | Perbøeite-(La) | CaLa3(AlAl2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]3O(OH)2 |
9.BG.55 | Västmanlandite-(Ce) | CaCe3(MgAl2Mg)[Si2O7][SiO4]3F(OH)2 |
9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite-(La) | (CaLa5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite-(Ce) | (CaCe5)(Al4Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
9.BG.60 | Radekškodaite Group | (CaM5)([Fe3+Al3]Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]5O(OH)3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Pumpellyite-(Mg)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3309.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Reference List:
Fleischer, Michael, Pabst, Adolf, Mandarino, Joseph A., Chao, George Y., Cabri, Louis, J. (1976) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 61 (1-2) 174-186
Dunn, P. J., Fleischer, M., Chao, G. Y., Cabri, L. J., Mandarino, J. A. (1983) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 68 (11-12) 1248-1252
Localities for Pumpellyite-(Mg)
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Peter Elliott- personal comment |
Austria | |
| Taucher (1999) |
| Taucher (1997) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Canadian Mineralogist 30 |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Horváth collection - XRD & EDS |
China | |
| Chuanshi Xu and Jianzhen Zhang (1987) |
| Rui Wang and Yongfeng Zhu (2010) |
Czech Republic | |
| Šrein +3 other references |
France | |
| Périnet F. (2018) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| Lapis 21 (12) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Habel (2009) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
Italy | |
| Balestra (2006) +1 other reference |
Pagano et al. (2001) | |
| Belmonte et al. (2018) |
| Odicino (2009) +1 other reference |
| Bracco R. et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Albertini (2000) +1 other reference |
| Mattioli (1979 a) +4 other references |
Appiani et al. (1995) +2 other references | |
| Folie K.Rocchetti I. (2004) |
| Marco Bonifazi +1 other reference |
| Batacchi et al. (2015) |
| Orlandi (2006) |
Japan | |
| Akasaka et al. (Imaizumi) |
| Kato & Kishima (1996) |
Mexico | |
| Rocks and Minerals (1988) |
| Megaw (2023) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (1998) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2009) |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Ivanov (1975) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Uher P. |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet et al. (2021) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
USA | |
| Tsujimori |
| Tony Nikischer |
| Chesterman (1966b) +1 other reference |
| ... +1 other reference |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| ef.: Dana 7:I:320 +1 other reference |
| |
| Locality description Centennial Mine |
Locality description Centennial Mine | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS PP144 |
| www.sauktown sales.com |
www.sauktown sales.com | |
- (2005) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (in part) |
| www. Rogers Minerals.com |
| www.sauktown sales.com |
| www.sauktown sales.com |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
USGS PP144 | |
- (2005) | |
Yalmer Primeau collection | |
| Personally collected by Paul Brandes in ... |
| Bornhorst et al. (1994) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
www.sauktown sales.com | |
| |
Personal observation- Jim Daly | |
self collected at site | |
| Ransom (1974) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
www.sauktown sales.com | |
- (2005) | |
www.sauktown sales.com | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| |
| Dunn (1979) +1 other reference |
| Grant (Jul, 1974) +3 other references |
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Costa Sopramare, Levanto, La Spezia Province, Liguria, Italy